The Difference Between a Control Variable and Control Group

In experiments, controls are factors that you hold constant or dont expose to the condition you are testing. By creating a control, you make it possible to determine whether the variables alone are responsible for an outcome. Although control variables and the control group serve the same purpose, the terms refer to two different types of controls which are used for different kinds of experiments. Why Experimental Controls Are Necessary A student places a seedling in a dark closet, and the seedling dies. The student now knows what happened to the seedling, but he doesnt know why. Perhaps the seedling died from lack of light, but it might also have died because it was already sickly, or because  of a chemical kept in the closet, or for any number of other reasons.   In order to determine why the seedling died, it is necessary to compare that seedlings outcomes to another identical seedling outside the closet. If the closeted seedling died while the seedling kept in sunshine stayed alive, its reasonable to hypothesize that darkness killed the closeted seedling.   Even if the closeted seedling died while the seedling placed in sunshine lived, the student would still have unresolved questions about her experiment. Might there be something about the particular seedlings that caused the results she saw? For example, might one seedling have been healthier than the other to start with? To answer all of her questions, the student might choose to put several identical seedlings in a closet and several in the sunshine. If at the end of a week, all of the closeted seedlings are dead while all of the seedlings kept in​ the sunshine are alive, it is reasonable to conclude that the darkness killed the seedlings. Definition of a Control Variable A control variable is any factor you control or hold constant during an experiment. A control variable is also called a controlled variable or constant variable.   If you are studying the effect of the amount of water on seed germination, control variables might include temperature, light, and type of seed. In contrast, there may be variables you cant easily control, such as humidity, noise, vibration, and magnetic fields. Ideally, a researcher wants to control every variable, but this isnt always possible. Its a good idea to note all recognizable variables in a lab notebook for reference. Definition of a Control Group A control group is a set of experimental samples or subjects that are kept separate and arent exposed to the independent variable. In an experiment to determine whether zinc helps people recover faster from a cold, the experimental group would be people taking zinc, while the control group would be people taking a placebo (not exposed to extra zinc, the independent variable). A controlled experiment is one in which every parameter is held constant except for the experimental (independent) variable. Usually, controlled experiments have control groups. Sometimes a controlled experiment compares a variable against a standard.

The Indus Valley Civilization - 1488 Words

The Indian society adopted a class or caste system from the Indus Valley people. Just like the Indus society had priest rulers, the Indian society has the high class Indian Brahmins, which are seen as the priestly class. Trade was a very big part of the Indus Valley society, everything that they did, everything that they made was to ensure that they were able to create and trade more effectively. The class system during the Indus Valley civilization is extremely similar to the class system seen in Pakistan and India today. There were farmers, who grew crops, mustard, sesame, grapes, dates, melons, and khan. There were traders, these people were extremely good at what they did, and this is one of the reasons why the Indus Valley Civilization was able to prosper for so long. There were craftsmen, these people made things for people to use in everyday life. Just like today, they would be people that would make things and other people who would buy them. This contributed to the stabilit y of the Indus civilization. Just like most ancient civilizations, priests played an important part in ruling the civilization. They were seen as the closest to God, and that is why they were given such authority and power. For people who follow religions, the religious leaders are very important because they are seen as all knowing are respected by the people of the religious community. Just like the present, people in the Indus Valley Civilization loved fashion and some of these fashionsShow MoreRelatedIndus Valley Civilization Essay725 Words   |  3 PagesThe Indus Valley civilization is located in India along the Indus River. India is a subcontinent in a region known as South Asia. Two capital cities in this area are Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. To this day it includes three out of ten of the world’s most populous countries, two mountain nations, and an island nation. Which includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh(countries), Nepal and Bhutan(mountains), and Sri Lanka(island). The Indus civilization lasted from 2600 to 1900 B.C. and was known asRead MoreA Brief Note On The Civilization And The Indus Valley Civilization860 Words   |  4 Pagesother signs of urban life. 2. Indus Valley civilization: The Indus Valley civilization is located in present day Pakistan. This civilization had evidence to provide little indications of no political hierarchy or centralized. 3. Central Asian/ Oxus civilization: A civilization that was economically based on irrigation agriculture and stock raising. This civilization was a focal point of a Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and commercial exchange. This civilization started to fade away by 1700Read MoreThe Indus Valley Civilization ( 3300-1300 Bce ) Essay1799 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE) was the one among the greatest early civilzation of the Old World alongside the ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Wright 2009, Wright 2010), which developed in South Asia along perennially flowing Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra ( also called as Saraswati) river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan (Wright 2010, Giosan 2012, Maemoku 2013). Though least studies so far, emerging archeological studies suggest that the Indus Valley (oftenly called Harappa)Read MoreIndian social and political ideas can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization. Hinduism was1200 Words   |  5 Pages Indian social and political ideas can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization. Hinduism was a defining religion of the Indus valley culture and remained a key political entity until emperor Ashoka came. He established Buddhism and spread it throughout Asia. The Mauryas rejuvenated Hinduism and Islam even came in the eighth century. The Mughal Empire allowed India to become united despite all the different religions and cultures. However, this did not last long because the Europeans hadRead MoreIndus River Valley Civilization758 Words   |  4 PagesThe Indus River Valley civilization was an ancient civilization located on a subcontinent called India. The Indus River Valley civilization was naturally isolated by the Himalayas and the east and west Ghat mountains. The ancient civilization was located near a river, like most of the ancient civilizations of their time. Because India was surrounded by mountains on all sides, the subcontinent was very prone to attacks. A major problem for the Indus River Valley civilization was the constant monsoonsRead MoreIndia Of The Indus Valley Civilization1087 Words   |  5 PagesIndia, the Indus Valley civilization is truly an ancient seat of human civilization. Being the seventh largest country in the world, India has always been rich in both natural and human resources. So far as human hi story goes India towers in its achievements among which would be included written language, philosophy and one of the earliest large scale urban civilizations. The history of India is replete with many examples of the integration of indigenous peoples with the migrating peoples of theRead MoreCause of the Disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization1675 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many theories as to the cause of the disappearance of the Indus valley civilization, including violent conflict with the Aryans, intermarriage with the Aryans, floods, drought, and/or decline in trade with other societies. Topic 1: On several occasions in class, we discussed the processes of accretion and syncretism. Describe and analyze the cross-cultural influences in a Mediterranean and Indus Valley context. Your essay should provide examples of cultural (remember the components ofRead MoreSimilarities Between Civilizations And Ancient Civilizations1403 Words   |  6 Pages Although the Mesopotamia civilization was thought to be located in between the Tigris and Euphrates river , which is now west of Iraq , and the Indus Valley civilization was thought to be located near the Indus Valley , now New Delhi , India , these two civilizations have many similarities and also many differences . These specific similarities and differences range from location , religion , way of life , types of governments , political structures , social structures , intuitions and many moreRead MoreComparing The River Valley Civilizations1509 Words   |  7 PagesComparing and Contrasting River Valley Civilizations In the following treatise, the research that will be presented will provide criteria involving similarities and differences in three attributes of life in the four primary river valley civilizations. The river valley civilizations are composed of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. While each of these civilizations is unique in their habits and traditions, they share many similar qualities. For this work to be as comprehensive asRead MoreComparing The Nile, Mesopotamia, And Indus Civilizations1475 Words   |  6 PagesComparing the Nile, Mesopotamia, and Indus Civilizations The civilizations of the Nile River valley, the Mesopotamia valley, and Indus Valley marked human progress toward fixed settlements and the development of a rich culture. These civilizations shared many characteristics that contributed to their success. What made these civilizations unique were the contributions that each one gave to the world. They contributed their own ideas and accomplishments in the areas of religion, science, and mathematics

Challenges of Youths in Our Contemporary World Free Essays

string(23) " can lead to disaster\." CHALLENGES OF YOUTHS IN A MODERN WORLD The Longman Modern English Dictionary defines youth as â€Å"the state or quality of being young, the period from childhood to maturity; young people of both sexes†. A youth is characterized by features such as youngness, restlessness, strength, independence, curiosity; search fro greatness, vigor good, health etc. Pope John Paul II during his visit to Nigeria in 1982, addressed the youths in these words â€Å"Youth is the age of hope, of promise, of enthusiasm, of plans and of ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of Youths in Our Contemporary World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Youth does not want to give up in the face of difficulties†¦ Youth believes in a better world and is determined to do something to help bring it about†. ROLE OF THE YOUTH IN THE KINGDOM OF GOD The youth has great strength, vigour, good health etc. These features should be channeled towards the propagation of the gospel. Let the children come to me, do not hinder them, for such belongs the kingdom of God (Lk. 18:16). In the church, the youths have the responsibility of evangelizing. It is their duty to witness Christ to their peers and to the remotest areas where Christ has not been preached. Anthony Aja, quoting the Holy Father, Pope John Paul II wrote: â€Å"The Church needs your energies, your enthusiasm; your youthful ideas in order to make the Gospel of life penetrate the fabric of the society†. â€Å"Besides, the Pope re-emphasized the part that youth can play in the call to evangelize the world as he addressed them in these words. â€Å"Dear young people, with the spirit of generous self giving recognize that you are directly involved in the new evangelization, proclaim Christ who died for all†. Where are our Youths today? Out there in search of worldly pleasure or working for the Lord. (Ref. to the past). To be good evangelizer, witnessing must be accompanied by good example, being like Christ in all ramification. The bible recorded many dynamic youths worthy of emulation. Two of such youths will be considered in this text. They are Joseph and David. Joseph had an encounter with God. He reverenced God. The fear of God was in his heart. Portipher’s household prospered because of the presence of Joseph. How about you? He hated sin. He successfully resisted the temptation from his master’s wife. To the sin-laden wife of his master Portipha, he asked, â€Å"how can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God†? (Gen. 39:9). To escape the wrath that might befall him as a result of this great sin, he ran and fled from this great evil, sin of fornication. Godless youth would take advantage of this immoral opportunity and yield to the temptation. It takes a heart that has been washed by the Blood of The Lamb, a youth who has experienced the salvation of the Lord Jesus Christ, a sanctified person and Holy Ghost filled to overcome such temptation. For the bible says â€Å"for the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world†. Titus 2:11-12. David the son of Jesse, the youngest of the eight sons of Jesse, rose and worked marvels for god right from his youth. He killed a lion, a bear and conquered the veteran warrior Goliath. He overcame the evil spirits that tormented Saul by his anointed fingers on the musical instruments. He was able to do all these exploits for God because of his personal knowledge of God and the power of the Holy Ghost that was upon him. Through the youngest of Jesse’ sons, his fear of the lord and his close relationship with God, made him to do the chosen one of God. †Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brothers, and the spirit of the Lord came mighty upon David from that day forward (1Samuel 16:13). Above all learn from Jesus Christ, who from childhood went about doing the father’ business, â€Å"I must preach the good news of the kingdom of God to the other citizens also, for I was sent for this purpose? Make yourself available for noble use. Challenges Facing the Youth Today The general state of youth reveals spirituals, social and psychological crises and confusion. They are being affected by the effects and influence of the society, peer groups, parental neglect and the evil one. Many of our youths blindly follow the dictates of the secularization of Western culture. The effects of secularism on most people have even made them argue that churches should accepts the society’s new directions. To them, if the society accept the society’s new directions. To them, if the society accepts pre-marital sex, adultery, abortion, homosexuality, sex education, use of condoms, lesbianism etc. hey cannot see why the church has to keep calling them sins. The youth sees the youth state as a period of fun and freedom. However, they forget to recognize that this stage is important and transitory – a stage between childhood and adulthood. Mistakes youth make at his stage in life could be detrimental bearing with it a lifetime consequences. For example, Youths who take to armed robbery, prostitution, drug trafficking, political thruggery, and a ll manner of violent practices carry over such nefarious activities from their youthful stage into adulthood. At adulthood they become a problem to themselves, the society and invariably their children who may take after them. What a wasted life! In fact, they are unable to build a worthwhile foundation on which to rest their future. Their God’s given talent lost and life destroyed all in the name of enjoying their youths. In Paul’s letter to Timothy, he admonished Timothy in these words: Flee the evil desires of youth and pursue Righteous, faith, love and peace, Along with those who call on the Lord Out of a pure heart† 2Tim:22 The youthful stage when properly managed can lead to disaster. You read "Challenges of Youths in Our Contemporary World" in category "Essay examples" All youths should heed to Paul’s admonition to timothy. Flee from all evil desires and run after righteous. Many of our youths are compromising with worldly ideals. Compromise with the world brings corruption. It destroys the child of God’s testimony and makes his light grow dim. Learn from David and Joseph, the way to upright living. The youth is being influenced and challenged today in the following areas: 1. INFLUENCE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY Modern technology had led to the invention of personal computer, the satellite, Digital television, the internet, mobile phone (GSM). These devices had in no small measure made the world a global village. However, the challenges facing our youths (Christian youth) is how to use them without abusing them. The truth is that these devices rather then being used for the advancement of knowledge which is capable of making the world a better place have become powerful tools in the hands of Satan for the perversion of morals. For example, the computer has both simplified and speeded up the operation in many fields of human endeavor – data storage, medicine, architecture, music and broadcasting industry. These are interactive computer software for learning of virtually any subject. The mobile telephone has made communication easy. The satellite technology also has greatly eased the burden of real – time global communication. The internet is a great source of information, Books; encyclopedias on any subject, theses, revise, online news, libraries are now available on the internet. Various school activities which were manually carried out in the past, such as purchasing of admission forms, payment of school fees, access to course outlines, result etc are now done online. Sources of information and different educational operations are now available on the internet. However, one must not lose sight of the evil associated with these devices (internet, GSM and computer). Many (including children, youth and even older people) are introduced to do world of deceit, indecency, immorality crime, sexual perversions, violence and many other vices through the use of these inventions of modern technology. The computer and the internet have more damaging influence on the youth. Youths spend long hours watching digital videos (DVD) or playing violent, even bloody and demonic computer games. Some youths spend hours or the whole night browsing forbidden site on the internet thereby getting exposed to inappropriate materials, such as pornographic and erotica because some youth get initiated into Satanism, Spiritism and other esoteric region. The TV and internet have taking over the place of the bible and prayers in a good number of homes. Youth treasure their wide exploration of the internet in place of reading their books and other intellectual activities. This a leading to a dramatic decline in the academic performance of the youth and a high rate of unproductively of the youth in all spheres of life. Wise parents should rise up to this challenge, and set up corrective measures to arrest this trend of self – destruction of the youth. 2. THE FILM INDUSTRY Many youths spend long hours watching the television denying themselves of meaningful activities that will promote heathy living and advancement in life. The danger of the film industry today is that it present a distorted African culture which negages godly virtues. For example, pre-marital sex is against God an abominable thing in African culture, but the film industry today presents it as the norm and what must follow or be part of a relationship. Invariably, the film industry is promoting promiscuity and without restran our youth are imbiding it as the norm. Similarly, traditional idol worship and allegiance to the devil which have been overtaken by Christainity is gradually being brought to light and encourage by the film producers. What about movies dominated with violent operations?. This negates God peaceful co-existence among men. Parents must therefore rise up to control what their children watch on the television. 3. NEGLECING OF HARD WORK Many youths want to go the easy way of life. No work but wants to be rich. They wish for success in life without paying the price of diligence. You need to see the coutless number of youths at the cyber cafe, browsing the internet looking for innocent preys to devour of thir hard earn money. Some Pentecostal pastors are not left out in the craze for prosperity through miracle galore at the expense of diligent labour. 4. SEARCH FOR GREENER PASTURE Many youths run the risk of searching for illegal means to go out of this country for better life. Experiences of those who attempted leaving this country reveal the agony many had to go though traveling through waste land to cross over to their â€Å"promised land†. In the process many had lost their lives and their sense of value of life. Those who made it to their dreamed land are out their doing menial jobs and worst still are out into crimes of various degrees. 5. Domestic Problems Many youth are confronted with Domestic problems ranging from hostility from parents, strife between their fathers and mothers, parents inability to provide the basic necessities of life. Youths from such homes run away from home, get involved in all forms of crimes such as 419, armed robbery, thuggery, prostitution or hired assassions. Parents should wake up to their responsibilities and make sustainable plans for their children. 6. INDECENT DRESSING AMONG YOUTHS We have been wonderfully made by God. Praise the Lord! Let us trace our dressing to the Garden of Eden. When Adam and Eve sinned against God, they realized that they are naked. They sewed fig leaves together to make themselves aprons (Gen3:7). This covered only a part of their bodies. This is fact was not proper clothing and so the Lord God made for Adam and his wife garments of skins and clothed them. This implies that the lord God covered their nakedness. Therefore, any clothing that does not cover the body fully is an indecent cloth. Let us also consider the demoniac in St. Luke’s gospel Chapter 8 ;26-35). The demon possessed man was naked. The bible described him as â€Å"a man from the city who had demon; for a long time he had worn no clothes, and lived not in a house but among tombs’. With encounter with Christ Jesus, he was delivered from the legion of evil spirit, he was clothed and he was in his right mind† (Luke 8:35). This implies that only people who are not in their right mind would go about without clothes not big enough to cover their nakedness. The modern day christains especially youths are without estrain imbiding and embracing worldly principles, values, culture and customs without making refence to the word of God. The bible says: â€Å"Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man loves the world, the love of the father is not in him. For all that is inworld, the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the pride of life is not of the father, but is of the world†. I John2:15. Unholy attitudes or worldliness has become the culture of the church. Some church members tell you what you wear does not matte, after all religion is in the heart. However, they forget that there is a link between the state of man’s heart and the outward appearance. In fact, one’s outlook is greatly influenced by the condition of the heart. It is not uncommon today to find different kinds of immodest and indecent dressed worn by the majority of young people and some older people in the society, even in the church of God. These ladies wear transparent and body hugged clothes under the guise of fashion and civilization. In fact, you see girls of cheap and easy virtue wearing provocative or seductive apparels that partially expose sensitive reas of their bodies such as breast, navels, abdomen and thighs, such youth are not left out in their heavy make-ups. Their make-ups are so excessive and outrageous that the girls are not less than masquerades and cannot but be mistaken for prostitutes. Why would a Christain woman or lady imitate Jezbel? â€Å"When Jehu came to Jezreel, Jezebel heard of it and she painted her eyes, and adorned he r head and looked out of the window† 2King9:30. Some ladies dress in such way that they stimulate lustful desires in men. The harlot dresses shamefully only to advertise, comete and seduce the opposite sex. They wear revealing clothes which create in men some immoral desires. Mini-skirts are symbolic of those ladies who want to seduce men. Every mini-skirt is a fuel that sets the mind of a man to imagine the most debased thoughts. On the other hand, ladies who are seductively dressed are more likely to be harassed by men. In the actual sense, a lady who is immodestly dressed is simply adverstising herself, telling the male folk that she is available. No wonder, today that the rate at which women are raped is exceedingly alarming. The men folk are not left out of this craze for fashion. They fry their hair (jerry curls or perm0, weave their hair, wear earring, leave their shirits unbuttoned, exposing their beareded chest, have funny styles of hair cut, apply make up just to prove themselves as â€Å"senior guys†. 7. Sexual Immorality/ Fornication Many youths do not see sextual immorality/formation as sin. They see it as a way of expressing their love to a person of the opposite sex. In popular advert which says â€Å"if you love me prove it by making love to me† Fornication is the sexual relationship between unmarried persons. God condemns fornication; Do you not know that your body is a temple of he Holy spirit, who is in you whom you have received from god? You are not your own, you were received with a price. Therefore, honour god with your body (1cor 6:19-20) Anyone who destroy the temple of the Holy spirit which you are will face wrath of God. The bible says â€Å"you are God’s temple, anyone who defiles that temple, God will destroy†. Some youth who engage in fornication (pre-marital sex) tell you they are in search of happiness, pre-marital sex has brought shame, disgrace and to many, unfulfilled destiny and untimely death. According to Ibid: Pre-marital sex has many adverse effects surrounding it. By so doing expose themselves to many risks such as: pregnancy, abortion, death, death, veneral disease, fear, shame, disrespect, sterility, uncompleted career are grievous sins against God, your creator. These are what we risk ourselves for, Just a mere pleasure which does not last. Similarly, punch Newspaper had on one of its publication pointed out that †Pregnancy is just one of the ways one can reap on unpleasant harvest from fornication†¦ It is better to avoid pre-marital sex†. 8. Wild Ambition Youths, no doubt are very ambitious. Being ambitious itself should be commended. But when the ambition becomes obnoxious, wrong signals are elayed. It is not uncommon today to find youhs engage in all manner of nefarious activities that are opposed to Christain virtues in a bid to acquire great wealth, fame and success. They are usually recruited as political thugs, fake drug peddlers, armed robbers, hostage takers, murderers, assassins while others become cultists, prostitutes and so on. Some become involved in dubious and undefiled business. The bible tells us to flee from all appearance of evil. Whatever you do, do all to the glory of God. Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are good report; if there be any virtue and if there be any paise, think on these thing (1 Cor10:31. Phil 4:8) Do not get involved in any activity that is contrary to the tenents of God. Anything contrary leads to hellfire. 9. Peer Group Influence Many Youth have been led astray by those they regard as friends. The influences of peers can bring about a positive or a negative change in one’s life. But today, such influences have been found to destroy the lives of those who keep had company. Thomas Martin as reported by Stan Ilo had this to say â€Å"What can be more dangerous to youth than bad company; what more fatal to all moral rectitude and feeling than influence of bad example. Bad company ruins good moral. It will be highly recommended youths can be involved in authentic friendship. John Chidi once classified friendship into 3: 1. Friendship based on unity 2. Friendship based on Sexual pleasure 3. Good griendship Youth should be encouraged to get involved in good friendship I =n which a man and a woman can be close friends without any sexual intercourse whatsoever. 0 Foul Language, noisy Music, Obscene Dance, pornography Music is an ancient means with which God’s people adored, exalted His Holy name and praised his majesty. This is still God’s expectation from us today. However, Christain music of today has assumed a new dimension from what obtains in the bible. Most Christain music today are emotional, sensual and noisy. The musical instrument soun d than the wordings as obtained in worldly music. Such songs do not give any inspiration, and it lacks modesty and moderation. So also is the obscene dance that accompanies the music. Flee from such music and from every apprearance of evil. 11. UNEMPLOYMENT There is a high rate of employment in this country. Many youths who had managed to go through thick and thin to obtain a university degree or other degrees are out there on the streets roaming about in search of anything to do for living. His has been the concern of both youths and their parents. Many parents have lost inetrest in investing into education of their children. This has increased the number of youths without any formal education or vovational training. One sees them in high dense areas/cities milling around motor parks, marj=ket places, in hide outs, practically doing nothing meaningful. Their daily existence depend on how much they can steal, extort from people or just waste away. Some engage in menial jobs that can hardly take care of them, while others become preys in the hand of evil men who take advantage of them by providing debase jpbs such as drug trafficking, prostitution. The self employed are faced with problems of generating power for tjose whose jobs require electricity. The question is, for how long then can we watch the leaders of tomorrow waste away. We all must rise up to this challenge and fight corruption, injustice that have premeated into the whims and caprices of this nation. 12. Marriage Many youths today are faced with the problem of getting a wife or a husband. This could be attributed to a number of factors such as parental influence or control, self, sin and the devil. Youths becomes so obsessed with their inability to be married that they now abadom God. To every man there is a wife and to every woman there is a man. Therefore wait on the Lord, and He will provide. THE WAY FORWARD In handling the problem of our youth and the difficulties confronting them in this perverse generation, parents, churches, society and the youth themselves have specific roles they must perform to bring sanity to our world. Let us reflet on the role of the youth themselves. The youth who desires life and the fruits of happy life must desire God and accept Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour. Seek first the kingdom of God and all its righteous and all other things will be added unto you (Matt. 6:33). To the youth who had turn away from the Lord, I say â€Å"come back with a repentant heart and the Lord will receive and have you back as his own. Repentance involves: a) Admitting your weakness, being sorry for your weakness b) Renouncing your weakness The Lord tell us in Issaiah, â€Å"come now let us reason together, says the Lord through your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow. Though they are red like crimson, they shall become loke wool† (Is. 1:18) Go for sacramental reconciliation. Having regained your relationship with God, He wants you to live a spotless life even in this era of godlessness. You are to stay unpolluted and unperturbed in the constantly changing world where you dwell. The unchanging God will substain you, for he has said. :For I am the Lord, I change not† (Malachi 3:6). This implies that God’s children have no excuse to allow themselves to be swayed by the rapidly changing world around them. What is expected of the youth therefore according to the word of God is outlined as follows: 1. The youth must treasure the unaltered word of God in his heart, life and mouth, civilization or no civilization. 2. He must constantly and diligently with prayer guard his soul so that he is not overtaken bythe whirlwind of globalization and modernization. . Must be resolved to live a holy life. This involves daring to be different with a resolution not to look back. 4. Depend on the grace of God. Paul tells the Ephesians, â€Å"for it is by Grace you have been saved through Faith and this is not from your selves, it is a gift of God (Eph 2:8) In the sane vein, Jesus tells us in Jn15:16 not to rely on our own strength but yo abide on the Vine 5. Invite the Holy spirit, the sanctifying power of God into your life. It is the spirit that gives life. In all thid fullness, live in the spirit. So I say, live by the Spirit and you will not gratify the desires of the sinful nature. For the sinful nature desires swhich is contrary to the spirit and the spirit which is contrary to the sinful nature. They are in conflict with each other, so that do not do what you want† (Gal5:16-17) 6. Associate with thos who love and fear God. Meditate on the passage â€Å"Do not be yoked together with unbelievers. For what do righteousness and wickness have in common? Or what fellowship can light have with darkness? What harmony is there between Christ and Belial? What does a believer have in common with an unbeliever? What agreement is there between the temple of God and Idols? For we are the temple of the living God. As God has said: I will live with them and walk amongthem, and I will be their God, and they will be my people† 7. Plunge into unlimited opportunities: The Lord urges us to plunge ourselves into unlimited opportunities that he has set us. Like Joshua, He was to be strong, courageous and to observe the word of God. Joshua did as God commanded and he prospered. Today God is saying to us that he has given us great opportunities to succeed in life and have all our needs met. However, many go through life dejected, defeated, defrauded, dominated and at the end doomed. you are a child of God. For success to come your way, start now. Do not be idle. You can still go back to school and get education; you can re-write your papers and improve on them. Are you unemployed, apply to place no matter how little, or you can create a job yourself. You need not suffer, the sky is the limit. Finally, do not stay away from sacraments (Eucharist and the Sacrament of Reconciliation). Heaven is real. What shall it profit a man if he gains the whole world and suffer the loss of soul. How to cite Challenges of Youths in Our Contemporary World, Essay examples

Discussion about Organizational Structure of Fonterra Dairy Company

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Structure of Fonterra Dairy Company. Answer: Introduction The dairy industry in Australia is estimated to be worth 13 billion dollars, including the manufacturing and processing industry, having a farm gate value worth 4 billion dollars. The industry enriches regional communities around Australia (Council, 2014). The dairy farmers in Australia, who are more than 6000 in number, produce approximately 9.7 billion liters of milk in a year. The industry employs more than 40,000 citizens on the farms and in the factories, at the same time, the indirectly related industries employ more than 100,000 nationals. Dairy farming is also one of the country's leading rural industries by value addition through downstream dispensation. Much of processing is around the farming areas, therefore spawning economic activity in the rural regions of Australia. Dairy farming in the country is a well-established industry spanning across temperate and subtropical areas of the country. While the majority of milk production take place in the southeastern states, all the states have dairy productions supplying fresh milk to cities and towns that are nearby. Nevertheless, the processing of long life shelf products such as cheese and specialized milk powders is more focused in the southeast parts of the country (Francis, 2013). The industry is continuing to be a vital rural industry in the country. Productivity on the farms is increasing due to improved pasture, feeds, and animal management techniques. Complementary feeding with grains is common, but the dairy industry has remained mostly pasture-based. Though the Victoria state is dominant in milk production, all the states have sustainable productions supplying fresh milk to nearby towns and cities. As one of the largest employers in the country, the industry adds value through processing milk to produce cheese, Yogurt, butter, and cream. One dairy company that has the largest market share in Australia is the Fonterra dairy business. The company is known well across the globe with its operations in Australia and New Zealand forming the foundation of its global operations. The company set foot in Australia in 2001 after acquiring a 25 percent stake in the Victorian processor Bonlac Foods. Since then, the company has bought other well-known Australian businesses such as Borland dairies and the Murrumbidgee Dairy Products. Mid 2006, Fonterra Australia bought Bonlac Foods business. Today, the dairy company has employed 2,000 people, who gather 21 percent of the milk in Australia, operating ten manufacturing locations (Trechter, 2003). Companys Strategies within Australia and Overseas Through legacy actions, the dairy company has been part of the dairy industry in the country for a period longer than 50 years. In a bid to add value and to unlock goodness to their esteemed customers, the company has strategically invested heavily in research and innovation. With further 3,500 natural constituents, milk offers many potentials for improvement to meet the changing needs for dairy nutrition. The companys dairy science is leading to improve nutrition for mothers and infants while keeping the aging population mobile and putting healthy options on the family menu (Boland, Singh, Thompson, 2014). Developments at the companys research center, for example, the spreadable butter, bone nutrition products, functional milk concentrates have opened up opportunities to make more products from dairy ingredients. The company has an open innovation policy which encourages any external partner to contribute to the development of new product and technologies. The company has also part nered with many learning institutions and research centers all over the world. (Heron, 2016) The company aims at being globally relevant, to build a globally related corporation which makes a change in the livelihoods of more than 2 billion people by 2025. The company has an excellent engagement with people through corporate social responsibility hence a good reputation for the enterprise. Through the companys investment in both food science and market research, the business aims at building and growing beyond the current client positions, deliver on food service potential, and develop primary positions in pediatrics and maternal nutrition. Fonterra knows that for the company to achieve the strategies put in place, policy alone cannot be enough, but the performance culture is vital for the enterprise to deliver high returns. The enterprise is, therefore, keen on capital and resource distribution, fixing underperforming branches, executing their plans efficiently while focusing on the consumer (Stringer Heron, 2008). The company's multi-hub strategy aims at matching the demand growth around the globe. The global partnerships with other global enterprises such as those in Europe and China, (A-ware/ Dairy Crest partnerships and Global Fonterra and Being mate Partnerships), will enable the company to achieve global relevance (Stuart Gray, 2010). Company Structure and Leadership Style Fonterra Company commits to the highest standards of corporate governance and direction. The company has adopted corporate transformational leadership structure in its various categories of management. At the top of business governance and management structure, the company has the company governance team. The governance of the enterprise operates in a manner that promotes the interest of the shareholders, transparency, and efficient risk management. The administration balance between roles and functions of the board and teams (Jean Jacques du Plessis, 2010) The Companys board comprises of 13 board members; nine elected by the shareholders whereas the board appoints four members who are approved by the stakeholders at the Annual General Meeting. The directors who are appointed are selected to ensure that the companys board has the necessary skills and expertise to lead Fonterra dairy. They are expected to bring to the Board the appropriate qualifications and proficiencies which match the industry knowledge and other knowledge delivered by the elected directors. The leaders chose to serve the company must have a shareholding interest, because the directors will relatively have a supplier association with the company and primarily not categorized as independent under best practices characterizations. The company directors who are to be appointed must meet the NZX benchmarks for independence and are anticipated by Fonterra to uphold freedom for the period they serve the enterprise (Borthwick Roberts, 2014). All the company directors have complied with the statutory requirements for revealing interests and with the companys code of conduct regulating both directors and the administration in their daily activities with Fonterra business and the associated companies. The structure of the board is an important constituent in the Fonterra governance system. As the company continues to mature, the boards structure revision is carried out in consultation with the company s shareholders. The board contemplates that the combination of both elected and appointed directors, as stipulated in the companys constitution, provide a suitable balance for the board to function in the best interest of the shareholders. The companys board has a charter defining its operations and relationships with the management (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson, 2007). The boards responsibility is to provide guidance, direction, and oversight of Fonterra. The Board reports to the shareholders regarding the performance of the enterprise. The specific duties of the board include; the board reviews the bonuses policy and declares the final dividend, determine the milk price and report the cooperatives share price when each season commences. The board also appoints and reviews the CEOs performance, delegate authority to the management team and monitors how the management exercises this power, engages in the development of the strategic plan, approves significant acquisitions for the business and oversees the board committees and the sectors covered by these committee (Baxt, 2005). The company has a management team whose leader is the current chief executive officer Mr. Theo Speirings. The management team structure is in a manner that complements the strategy of Fonterra dairy company and reflects the focus on dairy nutrition and evolving markets. The company's board of directors uses working groups or committees to help in facilitating efficient and effective decision making in the business. These working groups and committees have on paper terms of reference and report either to the management or the board. The members of the groups are directors only, though other personnel may be present only as observers. Working groups are made up of shareholders, employees or others as members in addition to the executives (Fonterra, 2014). The board reviews the terms of references and the membership of each working group and committee on an annual basis and gives directions and recommendations for change when needed. In Fonterra Dairy Company, there exist five board committees which are permanent and one working group (Fonterra, corporate governance, 2014) The Company forms Ad hoc committees when urgently required by the business. Some of the committees and their functions include; the finance, audits and risk committee which ensures the management gets financial reports which are of quality and integrity. The committee also reviews the risk and assurance processes and act as the oversight for treasury procedures and policies. The appointments Remuneration and Development Committee obtains assurance that the human resource policies and practices support the organization's goals. The shareholder relations committee monitors relations between the shareholders and the company and reviews the delivery of services to the shareholders. The external affairs committee assist the board in building foreign relations with the political contacts and the international trade procedure. Fonterra Company in a bid to have the best management and working force financed projects intended to enhance the leadership capacity of its management teams. Significant funding is targeting the countryside leadership in Australia, study tours for the employees and forums for directors of the milk processing companies in the country. Support is coming from the industry players with some new enterprises continuing to invest in developing the next generation of directors and managers. Fonterra carries out a two-day introductory training workshop program for members who are interested in advanced progression as the company's representative or manager. For example, in 2003, seven supplier associates were selected in a group of 214 shareholders in an intensive selection process to take part in continuous personalized training over a span of two years. Each was assigned his/her coach and mentor. There was a review on the quarterly and annual basis to guarantee that the desired and agreed outcomes were on track. The participants also contributed to the cost of this program (Company, 2014). The necessity for leadership across the entire value chain of the company has never been greater than today. Large openings and risks lie ahead in the industry, and the capacity and capability of the leadership will play a significant role in ensuring that the company succeeds in its future endeavors. It is an estimate that the dairy industry in Australia still needs between 150 to 200 personnel who are well skilled and knowledgeable enough to lead the dairy farms, for the senior's roles 30 to 40 specialists is required. This shortage is as a result strong focus on the business by young members and family commitments also plays a significant role. Failure by the community to understand that there is importance in influencing the government and community in the decision-making process (Council, Australian Dairy Industry, 2014). To adequately address the crack between the demand and supply for the required leadership skills in the dairy industry, it is imperative that one can distinguish amongst the various levels and roles of leadership in the business. Fonterra Dairy Company has been able to achieve this efficiently. Good governance forms the groundwork of running teams. Leading requires a shared vision and trust of those under your leadership (Klerkx Nettle, 2013). Summary In my view, the effective governance team that the company has, coupled with the skilled workforce and the investment in research, the company is headed in the right direction. For instance, issues relating to the business are discussed with the staff as early as possible in a bid to make everyone involved understand the situation. Issues such as suggesting a change in the feeding methods if recommended, for example, all the costs is deliberated so that the employees comprehend the reason behind the modification. Effective communication requires trust between the parties involved, being open between the employees and the management of Fonterra have ensured that the workforce feels a sense of belonging. In many years to come, Fonterra will be a force to reckon with because the company leadership structure have made it possible for any individual to come up with the idea that can propel the business to achieve greatness. The management's open door policy allows employees who are innova tive to share their thoughts with the top company management hence the success of the company does not only depend on the leadership of the company only but also rely on the contribution of the employees. References Baxt, R. (2005). Duties and responsibilities of directors and officers. Sydney: Australian Institute of Co. Boland, M., Singh, H., Thompson, A. (2014). Milk proteins : from expression to food. London: Elsevier Science. Borthwick, A., Roberts, H. (2014). Corporate Governance. The Effect of NZX 2003 Regulated Corpoarated, 1-55. The company, F. D. (2014, February 26). News and Media. Retrieved from Bonac Supply Company And Fonterra Australia Address Dairy Industry Skill Shortage By DevelopingDairyLeaders: https://www.fonterra.com/au/en/Hub+Sites/News+and+Media/Media+Releases/Bonlac+Supply+Company+and+Fonterra+Australia+address+dairy+industry+skill+shortage+by+developing+dairy+leaders Council, A. D. (2014). Australian Dairy Industry. Agricultural Competitiveness Green Paper, 46. Council, A. D. (2014). The Agricultural Competitiveness Issues. Australian Dairy Industry, 5-10. Fonterra. (2014, February 26). corporate governance. Retrieved from Fonterra Australia: https://www.fonterra.com/au/en/About/Our+Governance/Corporate+Governance Fonterra. (2014, February 26). Fonterra Dairy Company. Retrieved from Boarrd of Directors: https://www.fonterra.com/au/en/about/our+governance/board+of+directors/board+of+directors Francis, T. a. (2013). A Global Perspective on Modern Dairy: Occupational Health and Safety Challenges and Opportunities. Journal, 187-197. Heron, R. L. (2016). Agri-Food Commodity Chains and Globalising Networks. Routledge. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2007). Strategic management : competitiveness and globalization; [concepts and classes]. Ohio: Mason. Jean Jacques du Plessis, A. H. (2010). Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance. Cambridge University Press. Klerkx, L., Nettle, R. (2013). Achievements and challenges of innovation co-production support initiatives in the Australian and Dutch dairy sectors: A comparative study. Science Direct, 74-89. Stringer, C., Heron, R. B. (2008). Agri-food commodity chains and globalizing networks. Burlington: Aldershot, England. Stuart Gray. (2010). New Zealand Geographer. Fonterra Co-operative Group, and shaping the future. Trechter, D. (2003). Comparing the Australian Wheat Board. A Neo-Institutional Assessment of Cooperative evolution, 4-10.

Isolation of Essential Oils from Eugenol free essay sample

Anyone who has walked through a forest or who enjoys the variety of fragrances that flowers have to offer knows that many plants and trees have their own distinctively pleasant odors. These odors are due to the volatile essential oils, many of which have been prized commodities since ancient times. If a list of commercially important essential oils was compiled the list would exceed 200 essential oils. Thyme, garlic, peppermint, and spearmint are but a few examples of the many essential oils used in commercial goods. Essential oils have many applications in the world that can range from flavor enhancement to perfumes. Some oils have also been found to have medicinal properties such as antibacterial and antifungal abilities. Chaulmoogra oil is one of the few know curative agents for leprosy. The oils can also be used in the paint industry, where turpentine is used as a solvent for many paint products. These oils are often found in the intracellular spaces and glands of plant tissue. We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation of Essential Oils from Eugenol or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The oils may be located throughout the entire plant, but are often concentrated in the seeds or flowers of the plant. Many of the essential oils are steam-volatile and can undergo steam distillation to isolate the oils. Another method of oil extraction from these plants is through both solvent extraction and pressing methods. The functional group that is mostly responsible for the characteristic odors and flavors of fruit and flowers is the ester. Although the ester composes most of the scents it is not totally responsible for all scents. Beside the ester functional group an essential oil can also possess complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carbonyl groups. These compounds usually belong to one of two groups of natural products called terpenes or phenylpropanoids. Investigation of the essential oils in the nineteenth century found that many of the pleasant odors we obtain from nature contained exactly 10 carbon atoms in the compound. These 10-carbon compounds later became known as terpenes if they were hydrocarbons. If the compound contained oxygen in an alcohol, ketone, or aldehyde functional group it was called a terpenoid. It was eventually found that minor and less volatile compounds containing 15, 20, 30, and 40 carbon atoms also exist that give an odor. Since the 10-carbon compounds were at the time called terpenes they changed the name to monoterpenes. The other terpenes were classified in the following way. Class

4 Ways To Say It in Spanish

4 Ways To Say It in Spanish It is one of the most common English words, but its direct equivalent in Spanish, ello, isnt used much. Thats mostly because Spanish has other ways of saying it - or not stating it at all. This lesson looks at translations for it in four situations, depending on how it is used in relation to the other words in a sentence: as the subject of a sentence, as the direct object of a verb, as an indirect object of a verb and as the object of a preposition. Saying It in Spanish as the Subject of a Sentence Because it has an extensive verb conjugation, Spanish is able to frequently omit the subjects of sentences entirely, depending on the context to make clear what the subject is. When the subject of a sentence is inanimate, something that would be referred to as it, it is very unusual in Spanish to use a subject at all:  ¿Dà ³nde est el telà ©fono? Est aquà ­. (Where is the telephone? It is here. Note how in this and the following sentences that there is no Spanish word given to translate it.)Est roto. (It is broken.)Hoy comprà © una computadora porttil. Es muy cara. (Today I bought a laptop computer. It is very expensive.)No me gusta esta cancià ³n: es muy rencorosa. (I dont like this song. Its full of resentment.) In English, it is common to use it as the subject of a sentence in a vague sense, such as when talking about the weather: It is raining. It can also be used when talking about a situation: It is dangerous. Such as use of it in English is sometimes referred to as a dummy subject. In translation to Spanish, dummy subjects are nearly always omitted. Llueve. (It is raining.)Nieva. (It is snowing.)Es peligroso. (It is dangerous.)Es muy comà ºn encontrar vendedores en la playa. (It is very common to find vendors on the beach.)Puede pasar. (It can happen.) Saying It in Spanish as the Direct Object of a Verb As the direct object of a verb, the translation of it varies with gender. Use lo when the pronoun it refers to a masculine noun or la when it refers to a feminine noun.  ¿Viste el coche? No lo vi. (Did you see the car? I didnt see it.) ¿Viste la camisa? No la vi. (Did you see the shirt? I didnt see it.)No me gusta esta hamburguesa, pero voy a comerla. (I dont like this hamburger, but Im going to eat it.)Antonio me comprà ³ un anillo.  ¡Mà ­ralo!  (Antonio bought me a ring. Look at it!) ¿Tienes la llave? No la tengo. (Do you have the key? I dont have it.) If you dont know what it refers to, or if it refers to something abstract, use the masculine form: Vi algo.  ¿Lo viste? (I saw something. Did you see it?)No lo sà ©. (I dont know it.) Saying It in Spanish as an Indirect Object It is unusual in Spanish for an indirect object to be an inanimate object, but when it is use le: Dà ©le un golpe con la mano. (Give it a hit with your hand.)Brà ­ndale la oportunidad. (Give it a chance.) Saying It in Spanish as the Object of Preposition Here again, gender makes a difference. If the prepositional object refers to a noun thats masculine, use à ©l; if you are referring to a noun thats feminine, use ella. As objects of pronouns, these words can also mean him and her, in addition to it, so you need to let the context determine what is meant. El coche est roto. Necesito un repuesto  para à ©l. (The car is broken. I need a part  for it.)Me gusta mucho mi bicicleta. No puedo vivir sin ella. (I like my bicycle a lot. I cant live without it.)El examen fue muy difà ­cil. A causa de à ©l, no aprobà ©. (The test was very difficult. Because of it, I didnt pass.)Habà ­a muchas muertes antes de la guerra civil y durante ella. (There were many deaths before the civil war and during it.) When the object of a preposition refers to a general condition or something without a name, you can use the neuter pronoun for it, ello. It is also very common to use the neuter pronoun eso, which literally means this. Mi novia me odia. No quiero hablar de ello. (My girlfriend hates me. I dont want to talk about it.)Mi novia me odia. No quiero hablar de eso. (My girlfriend hates me. I dont want to talk about it.)No te preocupes por ello. (Dont worry about it.)No te preocupes por eso. (Dont worry about it.)

Anishinaabe People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anishinaabe People - Essay Example The people could shelter these women and their children but they did not have similar positions with children born with Anishinaabe fathers in the society. Doodem which is their word for clan was borrowed from the English word totem. The clans which are mostly based on animals are very instrumental in conventional occupations, marriages and inter tribal relations. Even in modern day, the clan remains a very crucial part of the Anishinaabe identity (Basil 9). I came to understand that Anishinaabe’s understanding of kinship was very complex and included not only the nuclear family but also the extended family as well. It is regarded as a merging kinship system that is modified. As with any bifurcate merging kinship system, the children basically share similar kinship term with their parallel cousins since they are all part of the same clan. The bespoke system permits younger siblings to share similar kinship terms with cross cousins who are younger. The complexity vanishes further from the speaker’s instantaneous generation but some of the complexity is retained with women relatives. This kinship system reflects the philosophy of the Anishinaabe people of balance and interconnectedness among all the living generations as well as of all other generations from the past and of the future. Additionally to the Anishinaabe totem, clans belonging to other tribes are regarded as being related to the clans of Anishinaabe if they shar e the same designation. Consequently for instance, blending of an Anishinaabe bear clan.

Power and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Power and Politics - Essay Example Other than being wife of Bill Clinton, Hillary had been a standing Senator for quite a few terms and had created an image of herself throughout the country through her ambitious dream of bringing each and every American under a comprehensive health scheme. Compared to that Obama was a first time Senator who had no political pedigree or lineage as such and above all, he was colored and had a Muslim sounding middle name and spent his childhood in far away Eastern countries. The odds were heavily stacked against Obama and truly nobody was prepared to give him much of a chance in the initial stages. But Obama and his clarion call â€Å"Yes, we can †¦Ã¢â‚¬  struck a chord among the masses, not only the colored ones but the entire American middle class and he created history. He derived his power essentially from referent base. Here was a man, just as ordinary as any American, has good education from Ivy League institutions, has a family just as most Americans have and above all, ha s a dream to change the sorry state of affairs. The combined charm of all these factors was too difficult for average Americans to be indifferent to. And, the fact that he is educated and articulate with a wife who is equally educated and articulate automatically vested in him an expert power that added to the huge faith that Americans reposed on him (Mind Tools 2005).

Outline the arguments for and against free trade Essay

Outline the arguments for and against free trade - Essay Example Free trade doesn't not only happen between the continents but it also happens between neighbouring nations. Argument about free trade can take many dimension including economic, moral, and socio-political arguments. Free trade takes many dimension and the proponents and opponents of the idea takes stands on the issue depending on their beliefs. In the last century, arguments on free trade were centred on the inequality that seems to persist between developed and developing nations which seem to be the mother of inequalities. There have been many campaigners who have been arguing for implementation of free trade policies in the last century and they hoped that the new century would come with a new perception on solving the inequalities between nations in the world through free trade. Apparently the campaign by these human activists and trade unions all over the world seem to have led to the development of essentially what we have been calling trade blocs that seems to emerge in all corners of the world. Analyzing the origin of the trade blocs, we can make formidable conclusion that all the trade blocks are created with an original aim of enhancing trade between members of the trade blocks. Trade blocs seem to be the new ideas on what the argument on free trade has taken. As we stand, the European Union remains to be the largest trade bloc in the world. European Union has been able to campaign for trade policies of its members and there is some success that can be attributed to the formation of the trade bloc. The European Union seems to be engaged in a massive recruitment of new members some who are not considered as vital to the operation of the bloc but a move which is seen as to consolidate more region under the bloc to empower it negotiation base. In America NAFTA has been negotiating for free trade for its members. Though small in number of members, NAFTA has been able to create a formidable trade bloc that has been able to negotiate for fair trade terms between its members and between the members and the international market. In South America, MERCOSUR has been expanding year after year admitting new member in South American and soon there is a possibility of the whole region coming under control of MERCOSUR. It has been able to negotiate for fair trade terms of its members in the international market. (Congressional Budget Office, 2003) In African, there are a number of trade blocs including SADDC, EAC, COMESA and others all which negotiate for free and fair trade terms between the members and between the member and the international community. In the Middle East there is the Gulf Council which brings together most of oil producing countries in the region together and which enables members to negotiate for free and fair trade terms. In Asia there also trade block which brings together members of the Asian community. But one peculiar view of Asia as far as trade blocks are concerned is the growing recruitment of some countries into the European Union especially the Balkan countries. This simple analysis shows how the concept of free trade has become to the world. It is the motto the modern international market. Eventually it seems as the concept of free and fair trade will lead to formation of new axis in the world all which will be campaigning for free trade. Let us look closely at arguments for and against free trade Arguments for free trade Since the concept of fr

Physicochemical Profile of Synthesized Ferulate Esters

Physicochemical Profile of Synthesized Ferulate Esters PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SYNTHESIZED FERULATE ESTERS INTRODUCTION Today, there are ongoing attempts to use ferulic acid derivatives in several different areas of food (Manore et al. 2011), cosmetic (Di Domenico et al., 2009) and pharmaceutical (Shanthakumar et al., 2012; Suzuki et al., 2007) products due to their effective antioxidant properties by trapping and stabilizing radical species (Ergun et al., 2011). Transesterification with lipophilic molecules allows a better transportation of the compounds in different medium (Scapagnini et al., 2004) whereas selection of olive oil may improve the medicinal and cosmetic values (Viola Viola, 2009) of the synthesized products. Considering the promising results, this study was designed to delineate the profile for the synthesized ferulate esters. Mandloi et al. (2004) proposed that one of the most important stages to accomplish in the development of a new compound is the adequate physicochemical characterization, in order to determine the quality and help to describe the present conditions. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of synthesized ferulate esters were studied in term of sun protection factor (SPF) value, peroxide value, saponification value and iodine value. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Solvents and chemicals (ethanol, chloroform, potassium iodide, acetic acid, sodium thiosulfate, starch, potassium hydroxide, phenolphthalein, hydrochloric acid, Wij’s solution) were purchased from Merck, Germany. SPF Value The procedure has been previously described by Dutra et al. (2004). 1.0 g of sample was weighed, transferred to a 100 mL volumetric flask, diluted to volume with ethanol, followed by ultrasonication for 5 min and then filtered through cotton, rejecting the ten first mL. A 5.0 mL aliquot was transferred to 50 mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume with ethanol. Then a 5.0 mL aliquot was transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask and the volume completed with ethanol. The absorption spectra of sample in solution were obtained by using UV/Vis spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Lambda 750) in the range of 290 to 450 nm using 1 cm quartz cell, and ethanol as blank. The absorption data were obtained in the range of 290 to 320, every 5 nm, and 3 determinations were made at each point, followed by the application of Mansur equation: SPF spectrophotometric value =CF x ∑ EE x I x Abs (Equation 4) Where,CF = correction factor (=10) EE = erythemal effect spectrum I = solar intensity spectrum Abs = absorbance of the sample The values of EE x I are constants and showed in Appendix D. Peroxide Value About 5.0 g of sample was weighed into a 250 mL conical flask. 10 mL of chloroform was added and swirled to dissolve the sample. The mixture was then mixed with 15 mL acetic acid and 1 mL potassium iodide solution. The mixture was further leaved for 5 minutes in a dark place. Then, 30 mL of distilled water was added followed by 1 mL of starch indicator. The solution was titrated with 0. 05 N of sodium thiosulfate until the blue color disappeared. The peroxide value is given by: Peroxide value =[(S – B) x N x 1000] / W (Equation 5) Where,S = volume of titrant (mL) for sample (ferulate esters) B = volume of titrant (mL) for blank N = normality of sodium thiosulfate solution (mmol/mL) 1000 = conversion of units (g/kg) W = sample (ferulate esters) mass (g) Saponification Value 2.0 g of sample was weighed into a 250 mL conical flask. About 25 mL of ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution was added. The mixture was then refluxed for 60 min. 1 mL of phenolphthalein solution was added and the mixture was titrated with the 0.5 N of hydrochloric acid until the pink color of the indicator just disappeared. The saponification value is given by: Saponification value =[(B – S) x N x 56.1] / W (Equation 6) Where,B = volume of titrant (mL) for blank S = volume of titrant (mL) for sample (ferulate esters) N = normality of hydrochloric acid (mmol/mL) 56.1 = molecular weight of potassium hydroxide (g/mol) W = sample (ferulate esters) mass (g) Iodine Value The sample for about 2.0 g was weighed into a 500 mL stoppered flask and 10 mL of chloroform was added. After that, 25 mL of Wij’s solution was pipetted into the flask, stoppered, and swirled to well-mix the mixture. The flask was then stored in the dark place for 30 minutes at room temperature and after that, 20 mL of potassium iodide (KI) was added followed with the addition of 100 mL freshly boiled and cooled distilled water. Then, the mixture was titrated with 0.1 N sodium thiosulphate solutions (Na2S2O3) until the yellow colour almost disappeared. 1-2 mL of starch indicator was then added and the titration was continued until the blue colour just disappeared. A blank determination was carried out under the same condition. The iodine value is given by: Iodine value = [(B – S) x N x 126.9] / W (Equation 7) Where,B = volume of titrant (mL) for blank S = volume of titrant (mL) for sample (ferulate esters) N = normality of sodium thiosulphate (mmol/mL) 126.9 = molecular weight of iodine (g/mol) W = sample (ferulate esters) mass (g) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS SPF Value Level of sun protection on the skin has traditionally been estimated using the sun protection factor (SPF). Sunscreen products with high SPF value may provide more adequate protection against the sun (Latha et al., 2013). Gregoris et al. (2011) claimed that sunscreen products are classified in conformity with their SPF values as it follows: from 2 to less than 12 are defined as minimal sun protection products, from 12 to under 30 is moderate sun protection products while sunscreens with SPF values of 30 or above are defined as high sun protection products. UV-Vis spectroscopy has been reported as a simple, rapid, and economic method in determining SPF values in many cosmetic formulations. This in vitro method is very useful as a screening test during product development before proceeding to the in vivo tests. In general, the method can be divided into two types: method that involve the measurement of absorption/transmission of UV radiation through sunscreen product films in quartz plates or biomembranes and method in which the absorption characteristics of the sunscreen agents are determined based on spectrophotometric analysis of dilute solutions (Kaur and Saraf, 2010; Dutra et al., 2004). Khazaeli and Mehrabani (2008) have successfully applied this technique through dilute solutions in determining SPF values of sixteen plants dissolved in methanol; Dracocephalum moldavica and Viola tricolor are found to have SPF values higher than 20 and suggested to be used in future topical sunscreens. Several nonvolatile and volatile herbal oils also being evaluated for their SPF values, where olive oil and coconut oil were revealed to have the best SPF values of 8 for nonvolatile herbal oil. On the other hand, peppermint oil and tulsi oil showed better SPF values of 7 than other volatile herbal oils which can be a potential candidate of perfumes during the formulation of sunscreens (Kaur and Saraf, 2010). Peroxide value There are several methods for evaluation of antioxidative action of a sample (Becker et al., 2004). The present method was used for the assessment of early oxidative changes in the ester through formation of primary oxidation products (peroxides and hydroperoxides). Peroxide value is defined as the milliequivalents (mEq) of peroxide per kilogram of sample. It is a redox titrimetric determination. High quality of products will have a peroxide value of zero. Peroxide values >20 correspond to very poor quality which normally would have significant off flavours (Nielsen, 2003). Saponification Value Since the fatty acids are attached to the glycerol backbone with ester bonds, the saponification value reflects the number of ester bonds per gram sample. It is simply defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1 g of ester. Therefore, the saponification value is an important measurement to indicate the mean molecular weight of the sample’s triacylglycerols (Wrolstad et al., 2005). Iodine Value The iodine value of an ester is used to measure the degree of unsaturation. The test measures the reaction of the double bonds with halogen, in this case iodine. Ekop et al. (2007) has reported that the higher the degree of unsaturation, the higher the iodine value. It expresses the concentration of the unsaturated fatty acids, together with the extent to which they are unsaturated, in a single number, and therefore was a simple and very useful quality number parameter. The properties of ferulate esters in term of SPF value, peroxide value, saponification value and iodine value are displayed in Table 6.1. Table 6.1:Â  Properties of ferulate esters No Test Unit 1 SPF value 16.0131 2 Peroxide value 17.52 3 Saponification value 191.3 4 Iodine value 88.02 CONCLUSION Physicochemical profile of synthesized ferulate esters was well examined where medium SPF value and peroxide value were attained. This indicates the products synthesized have a good antioxidant value for further used.

Relationships in Lawrences Sons and Lovers Essay -- Lawrence Sons and

Relationships in Lawrence's Sons and Lovers      Ã‚   There can be no argument that D. H. Lawrence's Son's and Lover's is a study of   human relationships. Gertrude Morel, because of her turbulent and odd relationship with her husband, ends up developing deep emotional relations with her two eldest son's. The second eldest in particular, Paul, is the receiver of most of this deep emotion. Because of these feelings and the deeper-than-usual emotional bond between the two, Paul has difficulty being comfortable in his own relationships.   Paul's relationship with Miriam is plagued by his mother's disapproval, jealousy, and Miriam 's own spirituality.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Paul's relationship with Miriam is one where the love is not allowed to flourish.   Although there is no doubt that there is love between the two, the forces around them create tension that suppresses it. Miriam believes herself not nearly as beautiful as she really is. Because of this she is always looking for things to love her. In the case of Paul she believes that if Paul was to need her, if she could take care of him, "if he could depend on her, if she could, as it were, have him in her arms, how she would love him."(137) However, this is never allowed to happen. Paul's mother Gertrude already occupies this space in his life. Thus the relationship between the two is a struggle for an identity. The relationship is a struggle between Paul and his mother and Paul and Miriam.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main conflicts between Paul and Miriam are between physical- spiritual differences and his mother. Miriam holds spirituality very close to her. Thing with Miriam are always on a very spiri... ... giving in to his mother, he breaks it off with Miriam. We get the impression that Miriam waits for Paul forever. It concretely ends when his mother dies and he leaves to find himself.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Son's and Lover's is a study of human relationships. Paul is the receiver of most of his mothers deep emotional feelings and has with her a bond tighter than normal. Because of this Paul has trouble handling and being comfortable with his own relationships.   Paul's relationship with Miriam was plagued by his mother's disapproval. If it wasn't for the selfishness of his mother Paul would of most likely been happy with Miriam.    Work Cited    Lawrence, D. H. Sons and Lovers. New York: Viking, 1913. On-line. U of Virginia Electronic Text Center. Internet. 23 February 1998, www: http:Hetext.lib.virginia.edu/english.html.

”Bon Voyage, Mr President” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay

Bon Voyage, Mr President is a short story written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. This is a tale of a South American President in exile. Nearing the end of his days, we are given an insight into the life of a man with injured pride, reminiscing the days that went by and so fast, where the President had lost everything he had worked for and knew. Quotes Bon Voyage, Mr. President ‘Resting on the silver handle of his cane’ This quotation emphasises the Presidents elegance and importance. His importance is enforced by the fact he carries a cane and not a common walking stick. A cane being the common tool of intimidation used by the military and by those who feel they are superior to the average civilian. The silver handle on the cane illustrates his elegance. He had style, elegance and capital, as well as authority, his overall effect being a man of status. ‘He was one more incognito in the city of illustrious incognitos’ This quotation is a contradiction. Incognito means in disguise, while illustrious means to stand out. This paradox sums up the President; he wants to not be noticed, but still wants fame. So while wearing clothes everyone else was wearing, something would make him stand out. He wants fame and power, but not for being the President in exile. ‘Only the weariness of his skin betrayed the state of his health’ Where the president dressed stylishly, with fine clothes, and his hair did not give away hints of age, with strands of grey hair, his skin was haggard and wrinkled that of an old man. The quotation shows that the president looked young and acted young, and if it were not for his skin he could have passed for a younger man. ‘On his first visit to Geneva the lake had been calm and clear and there were tame gulls that would eat of one’s hand’ This is a good example of Rhetoric. It uses sub textual language and Marquez uses persuasive writing. This statement implies that the president was very powerful and using the gulls as an analogy, compares them to civilians and how, once, they were at his beck and call. Reconstruction ‘When arriving in Trinidad he became one more poor man in a country full of powerful poor men’ This quotation is a contradiction; the stereo-typical poor person would not be powerful. This paradox expresses how the President must have felt. Opposed to his power and wealth from running a country, he was now somewhat inferior. In exile in a foreign country, he was surrounded by men that were raised in this milieu. Powerful, by the means, that they knew and almost dictated how everything worked. ‘Only the slight problem of not being a legal citizen in Trinidad deceived the actual situation of his affairs’ This quotation is a pejorative fact. The President might feel it a positive situation, as he could not be tied emotionally to any one place, so he cannot be hurt if he is, once more, thrown out, as in the case of Columbia. However it could also be a negative factor because things that will be a necessity for a comfortable life, e.g. a job, would be almost impossible to achieve. Free Choice; the Perplexing Simplicity of a Lack of Nothing ‘One never can see the thing in itself, because the mind does not transcend phenomena’ This statement has sub textual meaning. On the surface it means, you cannot see something if the mind does not believe that it can out do the extra-ordinary. But underneath that, I feel that this quotation almost has a moralistic sub textual meaning, this being if you think that within yourself, you can’t do something and you don’t attempt to, you will never be able to. Once convinced it is impossible, it is. ‘My vision began to diminish in both scope and clarity, and I prayed despondently for the message that I had left to be procured by those to whom I had intended it, and not by those to whom the exorbitant value was exceeded only by their macabre predilections’ This quotation is a fine example of the stereo-typical religious belief that praying in a difficult situation, you will be relieved of all problems. The character looks towards G-d to firstly protect him and secondly protect the information he has been entrusted with being recounted to the wrong people. The character believes that g-d will help him and this is a very good illustration of idolism. There are many comparisons to make between the above eight quotes, as well as between the three extracts, all being entirely individual pieces. Bon Voyage, Mr. President and the Reconstruction are both somewhat related in the means that they have the same story line and background, the similarities very evident. But, however, The Perplexing Simplicity of a Lack of Nothing is a very diverse piece of writing, expressing confusion, desperation and obscurity opposed to Bon Voyage, Mr. President and the Reconstruction, which was full of prosperity and understanding. All three of these extracts were well written and individual; however there are criticisms to be made. The President, in Bon Voyage, Mr. President, is a stereo-typical, military based, authoritarian figure. Things like ‘†¦stiff hat of a retired magistrate.’ Or ‘†¦arrogant moustache of a musketeer.’ all present the image of man in control, who would not commit a crime. In this description, nothing gives away any shrewdness or a clue that would reflect the offence he committed to be exiled. Marquez keeps some key information that would allow the reader to be more gripped by the short story, secret, and that, I feel, almost ruins the whole tale. By using a more Rhetoric type of writing the reader would find Marquez’s writing more intriguing. The Reconstruction is meant to be linked to Bon Voyage, Mr. President, however the author portrayed Mr. President as quite a different character. The author implied that the President was a laid back man, with much hope and little regret; he was looking towards the future and not at the past by saying ‘He now had a bounce in his step and he changed into a silk shirt with cotton shorts’. This Rhetoric gives the opposite impression to which Bon Voyage, Mr. President was trying to bestow. This is an easy mistake, but if read together would confuse the reader. The Perplexing Simplicity of a Lack of Nothing is a very difficult piece to understand, with maybe hidden meaning. There was hardly any significance that could be drawn from it. A huge failure, of the author, was that, there did not seem to be any constant story line, there was a base, but the majority jumped from idea to idea. Also, the words used were difficult to comprehend in a short story and too many used too close together. This material was more novel quality rather than an extract or short story, the author should have kept in mind what type of story they were asked to compose and not trail from it.

6 Phone Interview Mistakes That Will Cost You the Job

6 Phone Interview Mistakes That Will Cost You the Job Phone interviews can be downright tricky. Whether you’ve had one before and it didn’t go well, or you’re just a worrywart by nature, here are 6 of the most common mistakes and how you can avoid them. 1. You’re obviously distractedYour interviewer can tell if you’re typing or scrolling through Facebook while you chat. Your interviewer can also hear whatever noise is going on around you. Find a quiet place with a reliable phone connection and then focus on the interview. If you get a phone call out of the blue, it’s okay- preferable even- to tell the interviewer that you’re not in an ideal place to talk and to reschedule.2. You’re not aware of who’s interviewing youYou have to know who you’re talking to and why. If you’re just having a quick chat with HR to verify your resume bullet points and contact information, it’s not the time to launch into your spiel for how you’ll singlehandedly save the company. And if you’re expecting that kind of call, but get your would-be boss or hiring manager instead, you need to be prepared. Make sure you know what to expect, to allow enough time and preparation.3. You’re not preparedThis is no different from a real interview in this respect. You need to do your homework. That means preparing a stock list of responses to possible hard-hitting questions, and be ready to impress. The more you can learn about the who and why of your interview, the better you’ll be able to target your preparations. Do be ready to explain who you are, why you care about the company, and to list a few highlights and accomplishments from your resume that will show them you can make it rain.4. You’re ramblingGood communications skills are crucial in a phone interview. The way you present yourself verbally here is your only tool toward making a good impression. That means keeping your answers clear, concise, and on the topic. That means no ‘um’s or ‘like’s or losing your train of thought in the middle of a run-on sentence. Make notes to yourself, even bulleted lists, and refer to them as often as you need (without reading from them by rote). Your interviewer will never know!5. You’re coming across as lacklusterYou might think it would be hard to communicate your energy and enthusiasm on the phone, rather than in person. And that’s partly true. You’ll want to make an extra effort to be effusive. Make sure to smile- studies show it actually makes a palpable difference in the way your voice sounds over the phone. Same with making gestures. Remember, be upbeat! You want this job!6. You’re not showing how much you want itYou know how much you want this gig. And you’re the only one who can make your interviewer know it. A great way to do this, beyond your upbeat demeanor, is to have intelligent questions prepared that show your genuine interest in the company and how serious you are about getting this position. It’s not a faux pas to say explicitly how much you value the opportunity to interview and how interested you are in moving forward. Just make sure to follow-up with a sincere thank you note.If you make sure to guard against the above mistakes, you’ll already be well placed to get the job, even over the phone.

Essay about Alive, but Without Life

Essay about Alive, but Without Life Essay about Alive, but Without Life Alive, but without life Alzheimer’s The Silent Disease Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe Alzheimer’s disease and the affects it has on humans. Alzheimer’s is a sad deadly disease that aged people fear of having. Sadly more than half the population in humans 75 and old have it in one form or another. There are other types if memory disease, however, this paper is only going to cover Alzheimer’s disease. This disease is the fifth leading cause of death in elderly people. However, there is no cure and no ways on know exactly what causes Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a disease that affects the behavior, thought process and the memory of older people. A German Doctor named DR. Alois Alzheimer, discovered Alzheimer’s by observing a patient and her reaction to certain things. This patient died after years of degenerating memory problems, confusion and difficulty understanding questions. After her death Dr. Alzheimer’s performed an autopsy, his finding were very inconclusive. He found dense deposits around the nerve cells he called this neuritic plaques. Inside the nerve cell, he discovered twisted bands of fibers called neurifibrillary tangles. Neuritic plaques are the pieces or protein and other matter that surround the neuron. The neurifibrillary tangles are protein build up inside the neuron. These two work together to disrupt the brain normal function and increases when someone has AD. Our brain have these two things in them to begin with, they just have more with AD. Sadly, Alzheimer’s disease is none to be the fifth leading cause of death in people 65 and older. After his discovery in 1906, of this usual disease Dr. Alzheimer’s studied AD until his death in 1915. He had no idea that this discovery would bear his name a few years after his death. At the time of his discovery, Dr. Alzheimer thought an organic matter caused the disorder. However, to this day the cause of AD is still unknown. Dr. Alzheimer died December 19, 1915 of tonsillitis, which resulted in him getting nephritis. While alive, he published multiply papers on dementia and the different kinds and there affects to the human brain. Since its discoverer y, there have been many breakthroughs, like the discovery of a link between cognitive decline and the number of plagues and tangles in the brain. In the 1960’s, when this discovery was made about the cognitive decline, the medical board recognized that is was not a normal part of aging and that something had to be done to cure it. Since then AD has have a large increase of attention into the nerve cells in the human brain. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease that gets worse over time, until the person dies. In many cases, AD is actually the cause of death or the reaction to causing the person to get another illness.AD is a leading cause of pneumonia in people 85 and older, because they forget to keep themselves up (like taking their medications) and they sometime forget to swallow the mucus inside them causing pneumonia. As with the rest of our bodies our brain has to change to adapt to the changes we go through during life. AD leads to nerve cell and tissue loss threw out the whole brain. Over time, the brain of someone with AD shrinks causing it to loss normal functioning. In today’s research, there have been many discoveries of there being stages that come along with AD. Researchers have discovered there are ten stages of AD. Stage one being the stage where someone starts to have a greater a mount of memory loss that may disrupt his or her daily lives. The most common side effect in the beginning is forgetting things they just learned. In the second stage, people start to have problems with problem solving and planning things. People with AD may start to notice the little things like not being able to follow a plan or even work out problems with numbers; there concentration seems to decrease in this stage. The third stage gets to

Carl Jung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carl Jung - Essay Example When these processes are considered irrelevant, that is when mental sickness is believe to happen. Carl is the pioneer of modern psychology, along with Alfred Adler and Freud. He is a master of several disciplines from art to theology to modern physics. Jung’s work on Collective Unconsciousness forms the basis of word association tests as well as Meyers-Briggs personality tests. He was an inexhaustible writer; his famous works include The Psychology of the Unconscious (1912) and Psychological Types (1921). (NNDB, 2012) As Jung approached his adolescence, he focused his attention on zoology, religion, paleontology, medicine and psychology. On getting into the Basel University, in 1895, his primary focus became medicine. Throughout his university life, he also became thrilled by the growing science of psychiatry. He became an assistant physician at the Mental Hospital of Burgholzli in Zurich in 1990. He worked under the course of renowned Eugen Bleuler, whose leading work in the meadow of schizophrenia predicted that psychological imbalances arose not only from the occurrence of conflicting desires and beliefs inside the psyche, along with the physical weakening of the brain. Pierre Janet was a source of influence for Carl as he studied under Janet’s supervision in a seminar in Paris. The detailed report that Janet produced with the assistance from Carl gave the idea that distressing incidents produce influential emotionally charged beliefs which, even though pushed out of conscious evoke or totally forgotten, often persistent to apply a commanding pressure on the individual’s behaviors and emotions for quite a few years. (Cherry) Combining the work of Janet and Bleuler, Jung started to derive a novel theory of the unconscious mind processes that were the reason for establishing significantly parallel to that being concurrently equal to work of Sigmund Freud. Jung’s theories were exclusively his own and were a part of a novel psycholog y, in which this psyche was seen as a lively growth-oriented body balanced between two complementary and powerful drives: the uniformly significant drive towards making a harmonious, coherent incorporation of all the inside aspects of self (integration), and the desire to learn and implement new viewpoints (differentiation). The basic concept that became the basis of Jung’s later work and theory was the conversion of mandala-type view of body and soul. But, on a temporary basis the persona in the outside world is self predicted complicated, complex and opponent. (Boeree, 2006) Edifying on Janet and Blueler, and later comprise Freud, Jung had the premise that good expression and amalgamation of the complicated, co-dependent constituents within the bigger self was frequently short-circuited by familial or social conditioning and distressing events, suppressing the natural drives of an individual. The outcome was different degrees of mental illness in the outline of deep patholo gical psychosis or immobilizing neurosis. When Jung discovered the complicated cases as internal schism during his time at Burgholzli , he was better able to develop his theory in this time period. Subsequently, as a chief physician, he broadened his horizon and developed partnerships with word association researchers to better comprehend and revive the experience of

Lose Control in Gas and Oil Industry Term Paper

Lose Control in Gas and Oil Industry - Term Paper Example Often, these salt producers found the oil and gas that erupted along with the salt brine to be a nuisance. However, some intrepid salt manufacturers sold it for medicinal purposes, or to burn as lighting fuel. Although the natural gas industry is purported to have begun in 1821, George Bissel and Edwin L. Drake created the first drilling rig that was ever used for the specific production of oil on August 28, 1859 near Titusville, Pennsylvania. This well, named the Drake, is considered the first intentional well drilled for oil, as other wells that were drilled at the time were for salt brine or water. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States) The drilling for oil became a phenomenon that sparked many new enterprising companies to start their own oil-related ventures. This â€Å"boom† as it commonly referred to, created a need for workers on a massive scale that was not there in the past. They now needed refineries, drilling tools an d most importantly, manpower. There was so much money to be made in the drilling and production of these new wells that loss of a man’s 2 life became known as acceptable risk, and simply turned a blind eye to the likelihood of being injured or killed. In the oilfield’s infancy, the most common cause of death for these men was the well caving in on them, fires, and explosions. It was not until the year 1900, when a Texas man by the name of Curt Hamill came up with the revolutionary idea of using mud in the hole to flush it out as they drilled, instead of water. This proved to be a remarkable act, as not only did it allow the cuttings to surface, it prevented the hole from caving in. mud is used in just about every drilling operation world wide since. (http://www.enpetroleum.com/texasoilboom.html) 2. Training and Impact on the Oil and Gas Industry In today’s oil and gas industry, there is no longer an acceptable risk hazard associated with the work itself. A singl e death is not acceptable, regardless of the circumstance. Most commonly, deaths occur from either fire or unsafe work, although there are many variables in the number of recordable deaths in the oil and gas sector each year. Given today’s higher standards, the oil and gas business have implemented a wide variety of standards, assessments, and analyses on each type of work performed. These new instructions have greatly improved the production, as well as significantly increased the health and safety of all employees involved. The training of potential employees is extensive, with much emphasis on safety procedures and equipment. They receive this training before they are allowed to enter a location where drilling or fracturing is taking place. Even with company specific training, there are still many other classes all potential and present employees must attend. These include but are not limited to fall hazards and protection, tripping hazards, pinch points, chemicals and the ir uses, confined space 3 training, among other certifications. Another key point in the training of new employees is the stress put on what is commonly called stop work authority. This enables any employee to stop work if any perceived or real unsafe condition exists, without repercussion. This can include shutting down a job completely, and cost the company millions of dollars. This was implemented to ensure safe procedures, and safe work