Biochemical Addiction and Human Behavior Essays

Biochemical Addiction and Human Behavior Essays Biochemical Addiction and Human Behavior Paper Biochemical Addiction and Human Behavior Paper Addiction is of many kinds, there may be a drug addiction or interpersonal relationship addiction. These different addictions may vary in a lot of ways but there are still common mechanisms that bind them together. Addiction also refers to a recurring compulsion of an individual to do something despite their harmful consequences to one’s health, mental state or social life. This term may also be applied to some compulsions as gambling and overeating. Biochemical addiction is â€Å"self-induced changes in neurotransmission that result in social problem behaviors Milkman (1983). Biochemical addiction may not only refer to the cases of substance abuse but to activity characterized by compulsion, loss of control and continuation of the substance despite harm. Self-induced changes because they are the ones who caused these changes in the neurotransmissions that had equal behavioral changes. As psychopharmacology is a study of drug-induced changes in the behavior of a person, as well as the mood, sensation and thinking, this issue may be of help to understand clearly how drugs may alter the behavior of a person. What could possibly the actions of the drugs that may affect its neurotransmission and in turn affect the behavior of the person? Some people who underwent an intolerable experience may undergo treatment that may make them addicted to the drug used. Say for example, people who get depressed get temporary arousal from stimulants. Those who may be under stress may choose opiates as their mode of treatment. A person’s psychological state is affected by the medicines that he is taking. How could possibly drugs alter the behavior of the person? What are the activities involved in the synaptic terminals that affects this kind of behavior? What are the neurotransmitters that are responsible for the said changes of the behavior in human beings? These and more will be discussed as take a closer look at biochemical addiction and changes in human behavior. Neurotransmission has to do with addiction. This process occurs in the Central Nervous System (CNS) composed of the Spinal Cord and the brain. The neurons, composed of a body, axon and dendrites, are the one responsible for the transmission of the signals from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body. Neurotransmitters are then released from the pre-synaptic terminals into the synaptic junction. Then these neurotransmitters may then either be integrated into the post-synaptic membrane where if they are collected in sufficient amounts, the membrane will depolarize and transmit the signal, or neurotransmitters may be degraded by enzymes. In the post- synaptic terminal if there are neurotransmitters that would be bound to certain receptors would activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase that would convert adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which in turn affects membrane sensitivity and subsequent neurotransmission. With a disruption in this process caused by any stimulus may change the transmission of the signals and an equivalent behavioral manifestation may be seen. Stimulants may cause an increased neurotransmission. Within the pre-synaptic terminal, there are certain enzymes that may degrade neurotransmitters. If this happens these neurotransmitters never reach the post synaptic nerve terminal and the impulse will not be transmitted. Disruption in the neural networks can result to abnormal and addictive behavior. Say for example if Haldol is given and post-synaptic receptors are occupied by dopamine, it would occupy the same receptors but not allowing dopamine to bind. The blocking then would inhibit overactive neurotransmission associated with Schizophrenia thus controlling the mood swings commonly observed in schizophrenia patients. Cocaine if taken prevents degradation of the neurotransmitter in the junction available to the post-synaptic membrane which causes overly saturated receptors resulting to over-active transmission of the electrical impulse that results in increased state of arousal (Chien, 1969). Other areas where disruption may occur are located in the pre-synaptic terminal. Inside the terminal are monoamine oxidases which degrade dopamine and norepinephrine. If there is too much MOA would cause depression in some people thus giving MOA inhibitors may resolve this depression (Chien, 1969) Disruption in the cAMP system would also cause changes in behaviors. If there is an increase in cAMP there would be a decrease in adenyl cyclase, then would result to a decrease in production of cAMP neurotransmissions are also slowed thus causes changes in mood (Chien, 1969). There are also disruptions that cause decrease in neurotransmission. There are substances or activities that cause this decrease in neurotransmission such as barbiturates or meditation that result to the release of endorphins or enkephalins which would act as the body’s own opiates. They would attach themselves to the pre-synaptic terminals that cause a decrease in the neurotransmitter. This then results to slower neurotransmission and in turn results in the effect desired by satiation-prone individuals. This activity increases adenyl cyclase, which would increase cAMP thus increasing again the neurotransmission. In long exposure to this, the person may exhibit tolerance thus there would be a need to increase the activity or substance to achieve the desired effect. If there is a stoppage of the activity or substance this then may increase the quantity of cAMP and the rate of neurotransmission thus resulting in an agitation mood of an individual withdrawing from opiate ingestion or satiation activities (Chien, 1969). These are the evidences that people would have changes in their behavior as they are into biochemical addiction. Changes in the amount of the neurotransmitters may affect the transmission of the signals causing some unwanted mood or behavioral changes. Some who take in drugs may not want the effects of the said drug but they are not in control of their moods or behavior at this time. They are being controlled by the effect of the said drug to their body. What then is the effect of this issue in biological psychology? This issue may help us understand the mechanisms on how some drugs or activities may cause a change in the behavior of the person. This may also help us understand why people, who are under the influence of drugs act the way they do. Also in this way we can see how drugs can affect one’s emotion, one’s mood and one’s behavior. Drug addiction, as it is one of the most discussed problems of the society nowadays, may be decreased through the help of information dissemination. People if properly informed about drug addiction and its effects may think twice before indulging themselves into the vice. Having enough knowledge of what drugs causes these kinds of effects, they may choose what drugs to take or what drugs to avoid. Thus it is very important that the mechanism of addiction be understood by the people (Jaffe, 1980). Addiction may not only mean addiction to drugs. Thus people must also be aware when an activity may cause them addiction. They must also know when enough is enough of an activity. If a person feels that he needs to do the same thing over and over just to satisfy himself, he should at the earliest possible time learn to discipline himself to avoid addiction, thus preventing negative behavioral changes that it may cause in the later part. References: Chein I. 1969. Psychological functions of drug use. In Scientific Basis of Drug Dependence, ed. Steinberg H. London: Churchill Jaffe, JH. 1980. Drug addiction and drug abuse. In Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, eds. Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman BA. 6th Edition. New York: MacMillan Milkman H, Sunderwirth S. Oct. 1983. The Chemistry of Craving. Psychology Today, p. 36-44

Researching Your Revolutionary War Soldier Ancestors

Researching Your Revolutionary War Soldier Ancestors The Revolutionary War lasted for eight long years, beginning with the battle between British troops and local Massachusetts militia at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, on 19 April 1775, and ending with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. If your family tree in America stretches back to this time period, it is likely you can claim descendancy from at least one ancestor who had some type of service related to the Revolutionary War effort. Did my Ancestor Serve in the American Revolution? Boys as young as 16 were allowed to serve, so any male ancestors who were between the ages of 16 and 50 between 1776 and 1783 are potential candidates. Those who didnt serve directly in a military capacity may have helped in other ways - by providing goods, supplies or non-military service to the cause. Women also participated in the American Revolution, some even accompanying their husbands to battle. If you have an ancestor you believe may have served in the American Revolution in a military capacity, then an easy way to start is by checking the following indexes to major Revolutionary War record groups: DAR Genealogical Research System - Compiled by the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution, this free collection of genealogical databases contains data for both men and women who provided service to the patriots cause between 1774 and 1783, including an ancestor database created from verified membership and supplemental applications. Because this index was created from lineages identified and verified by DAR, it does not include every individual who served. The index generally provides birth and death data for each individual, as well as information on spouse, rank, area of service, and the state where the patriot lived or served. For those who did not serve in a military capacity, the type of civil or patriotic service is indicated. Soldiers who received a revolutionary war pension will be noted with the abbreviation PNSR (CPNS if the soldiers children received the pension or WPNS if the soldiers widow received the pension).Index to Revolutionary War Service Records - This four volume set (Waynesboro, TN: National Historical Publishing Co., 1995) by Virgil White includes abstracts of military service records from National Archives group 93, including each soldiers name, unit and rank. A simliar index was created by Ancestry, Inc. in 1999 and is available online to subscribers - U.S. Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783. Even better, you can search and view the actual Revolutionary War Service Records online at Fold3.com. American Genealogical-Biographical Index (AGBI) - This large index, sometimes referred to as the Rider Index after its original creator, Fremont Rider, includes the names of people who have appeared in more than 800 published volumes of family histories and other genealogical works. This includes several volumes of published Revolutionary War Records, such as Historical Register of Virginians in the Revolution, Soldiers, Sailors, 1775-1783 and Muster and Payrolls of the Revolutionary War, 1775-1783 from the collection of the New York Historical Society. Godfrey Memorial Library in Middletown, Connecticut, pubishes this index and will answer AGBI search requests for a small fee. The AGBI is also available as an online database at subscription site, Ancestry.com.Pierces Register - Originally produced as a government document in 1915 and later published by Genealogical Publishing Company in 1973, this work provides an index to Revolutionary War claim records, including the veterans name , certificate number, military unit and the amount of the claim. Abstract of Graves of Revolutionary Patriots - The U.S. government places tombstones on the graves of identified Revolutionary War soldiers, and this book by Patricia Law Hatcher (Dallas: Pioneer Heritage Press, 1987-88) provides an alphabetical list of these Revolutionary War soldiers, along with the name and location of the cemetery where they are buried or memorialized. Where Can I Find the Records? Records related to the American Revolution are available in many different locations, including repositories at the national, state, county and town-level. The National Archives in Washington D.C. is the largest repository, with compiled military service records, pension records and bounty land records. State archives or the states Office of the Adjutant General may include records for individuals who served with the state militia, rather than the continental army, as well as records for bounty land issued by the state. A fire in the War Department in November 1800 destroyed most of the earliest service and pension records. A fire in August 1814 in the Treasury Department destroyed more records. Over the years, many of these records have been reconstructed. Libraries with a genealogical or historical section will often have numerous published works on the American Revolution, including military unit histories and county histories. A good place to learn about available Revolutionary War records is James Neagles U.S. Military Records: A Guide to Federal and State Sources, Colonial America to the Present. Next Is He Really My Ancestor? Did My Ancestor Serve in the American Revolution Is This Really My Ancestor? The most difficult part of searching for an ancestors Revolutionary War service is to establish a link between your specific ancestor and the names which appear on various lists, rolls and registers. Names are not unique, so how can you be sure that the Robert Owens who served from North Carolina is actually your Robert Owens? Before delving into Revolutionary War records, take the time to learn everything you can about your Revolutionary War ancestor, including their state and county of residence, approximate age, names of relatives, wife and neighbors, or any other identifying information. A check of the 1790 U.S. census, or earlier state censuses such as the 1787 state census of Virginia, can also help determine if there are other men with the same name living in the same area. Revolutionary War Service Records Most original Revolutionary War military service records no longer survive. To replace these missing records, the U.S. government used substitute records including muster rolls, records books and ledgers, personal accounts, hospital records, pay lists, clothing returns, receipts for pay or bounty, and other records to create a compiled service record for each individual (Record Group 93, National Archives). A card was created for each soldier and placed in an envelope along with any original documents found that related to his service. These files are arranged by state, military unit, then alphabetically by the soldiers name. Compiled military service records seldom provide genealogical information about the solider or his family, but usually  include his military unit, muster (attendance) rolls, and his date and place of enlistment. Some military service records are more complete than others, and may include details such as age, physical description, occupation, marital status, or place of birth. Compiled military service records from the Revolutionary War can be ordered online through the National Archives, or by mail using NATF Form 86 (which you can download online). If your ancestor served in the state militia or volunteer regiment, records of his military service may be found at the state archives, state historical society or state adjutant generals office. Some of these state and local Revolutionary War collections are online, including Pennsylvania Revolutionary War Military Abstract Card File Indexes and the Kentucky Secretary of State Revolutionary War Warrants index. Do a search for â€Å"revolutionary war† your state in your favorite search engine to find available records and documents. Revolutionary War Service Records Online: Fold3.com, in cooperation with the National Archives, offers subscription-based online access to the Compiled Service Records of soldiers who served in the American Army during the Revolutionary War. Revolutionary War Pension Records Starting with the Revolutionary War, various acts of Congress authorized the granting of pensions for military service, disability, and to widows and surviving children. Revolutionary War pensions were granted based on service to the United States between 1776 and 1783. Pension application files are generally the most genealogically rich of any Revolutionary War records, often providing details such as date and place of birth and a list of minor children, along with supporting documents such as birth records, marriage certificates, pages from family Bibles, discharge papers and affidavits or depositions from neighbors, friends, fellow servicemen and family members. Unfortunately, a fire in the War Department in 1800 destroyed almost all pension applications made prior to that time. There are, however, a few surviving pension lists prior to 1800 in published Congressional reports. The National Archives has microfilmed surviving Revolutionary War pension records, and these are included in National Archives publications M804 and M805. M804 is the more complete of the two, and includes about 80,000 files of applications for Revolutionary War Pension and Bound Land Warrant Application files from 1800-1906. Publication M805 includes details from the same 80,000 files, but instead of the entire file it includes only the supposedly most significant genealogical documents. M805 is much more widely available due to its greatly decreased size , but if you find your ancestor listed, it is worth also checking the full file in M804. NARA Publications M804 and M805 can be found at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. and in most regional branches. The Family History Library in Salt Lake City also has the complete set. Many libraries with genealogical collections will have M804. A search of Revolutionary War Pension Records can also be made through the National Archives either through their online order service or through postal mail on NATF Form 85. There is a fee associated with this service, and turn-around time can be weeks to months. Revolutionary War Pension Records Online: Online, HeritageQuest offers an index as well as digitized copies of the original, hand-written records taken from NARA microfilm M805. Check with your local or state library to see if they offer remote access to the HeritageQuest database.   Alternatively, subscribers to Fold3.com can access digitized copies of the full Revolutionary War pension records found in NARA microfilm M804. Fold3 also has digitized an index and records of Final Payment Vouchers for Military Pensions, 1818-1864, final and last pension payments to over 65,000 veterans or their widows of the Revolutionary War and some later wars. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation - This special collection in the free online American Memory exhibit of the Library of Congress includes some very interesting Revolutionary War pension petitions and other sources for information on Revolutionary-era individuals. Follow the links to American State Papers and the U.S. Serial Set.US GenWeb Revolutionary War Pensions ProjectBrowse volunteer-submitted transcripts, extracts and abstracts of pension files from the Revolutionary War. Loyalists (Royalists, Tories) A discussion of American Revolution research wouldnt be complete without referencing the other side of the war. You may have ancestors who were Loyalists, or Tories - colonists who remained loyal subjects of the British crown and actively worked to promote the interest of Great Britain during the American Revolution. After the war ended, many of these Loyalists were driven from their homes by local officials or neighbors, moving on to resettle in Canada, England, Jamaica and other British-held regions. Learn more in How to Research Loyalist Ancestors. Source Neagles, James C. U.S. Military Records: A Guide to Federal State Sources, Colonial America to the Present. Hardcover, First Edition edition, Ancestry Publishing, March 1, 1994.